Solomon, Odes of
Solomon, Odes of
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Solomon, Odes of
《所罗门颂歌》(Odes of Solomon)
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Collection of 42 short lyric poems; dating perhaps from the 2nd century.
42 首短抒情诗的合集；年代或许可追溯至 2 世纪。
The Odes of Solomon consist of 42 short lyric poems, of which the Syriac version is preserved almost complete, while Ode 11 is also known in Greek, and five Odes in Coptic (including 1, lost in Syriac). At least some of them seem to have been composed in Greek. The editio princeps was by J. R. Harris in 1909 (2nd ed. 1911, after F. C. Burkitt had discovered a second, even more incomplete ms.). In both Syriac mss., H and N, the Odes of Solomon are followed by the 18 Psalms of Solomon. It should be noted that one and the same Syriac term (viz. zmirtā) is used for both, ‘Ode’ and ‘Psalm’. Before the discovery of the Syriac texts of Odes of Solomon 3–42 (H) and 17–42 respectively (N, sometimes labelled B) our knowledge of these enigmatic poems (also described as hymns, psalms, and songs) was restricted to the Latin quotation of Solomon’s ‘ode’ 19.6–7a by Lactantius (early 4th cent.), the listing of ‘Psalms and Odes of Solomon’ as OT antilegomena in the so-called ‘Synopsis’ of Pseudo-Athanasius (7th cent.) and the ‘Stichometria’ ascribed to Nikephoros (8th– 9th cent.), and the Coptic version of Solomon’s ‘odes’ 1, 5, 6, 22, and 25 quoted in the Gnostic work ‘Pistis Sophia’ (3rd cent.; Codex A, 4th cent.). These five pieces were taken from a Greek collection in which the Odes of Solomon were preceded, not followed, by the Psalms of Solomon. In 1959 the Greek text of Ode 11 was published by M. Testuz (Papyrus Bodmer, XI [3rd– 4th cent.]). In the Syriac version of this very ode we find the only verse (viz. 11.23a) which has left a clear trace in Syriac literature (cf. Ephrem, ‘On Paradise’, 7.21). The author(s), date, and place of origin are unknown. It is, however, probable that the anonymous odes later attributed to Solomon were composed and used by gnosticising Christians in bilingual Syria as early as the 2nd cent. In form and content they appear to be strongly influenced by biblical language and show some connection with texts from Qumran. The Saviour is also called Lord, Son, and Messiah, but never appears under the name of Jesus. Dominant theological terms are Spirit, God, Lord, Most High, and Father. Among the most important soteriological concepts are grace, joy, knowledge, life, light, love, rest, truth, and word.
《所罗门颂歌》(Odes of Solomon) 由 42 首短抒情诗组成，其中叙利亚语版本几乎完整保存，而第 11 首颂歌亦有希腊语版本，另有五首颂歌存有科普特语版本（包括第 1 首，该首在叙利亚语中已佚）。其中至少有一部分似乎是用希腊语创作的。初版 (editio princeps) 由 J. R. 哈里斯 (J. R. Harris) 于 1909 年出版（第 2 版 1911 年，此后 F. C. 伯基特 (F. C. Burkitt) 发现了第二份甚至更不完整的手稿 (ms.)）。在两份叙利亚语手稿 (mss.) H 和 N 中，《所罗门颂歌》(Odes of Solomon) 之后均附有 18 首《所罗门诗篇》(Psalms of Solomon)。值得注意的是，同一个叙利亚语术语“歌” (zmirtā) 被用于两者，即“颂歌”和“诗篇”。在发现《所罗门颂歌》(Odes of Solomon) 3–42 首（手稿 H）和 17–42 首（手稿 N，有时标为 B）的叙利亚语文本之前，我们要了解这些神秘诗歌（也被描述为赞美诗、诗篇和歌曲）的知识仅限于：拉克坦提乌斯 (Lactantius)（4 世纪初）对所罗门“颂歌”19.6–7a 的拉丁语引用；伪亚他那修 (Pseudo-Athanasius)（7 世纪）所谓的《概要》(Synopsis) 以及归于尼基弗鲁斯 (Nikephoros)（8–9 世纪）的《行数表》(Stichometria) 中将“所罗门诗篇和颂歌”列为旧约 (OT) 争议经卷 (antilegomena) 的名录；以及诺斯替著作《皮斯蒂斯·索菲亚》(Pistis Sophia)（3 世纪；抄本 A (Codex A)，4 世纪）中引用的所罗门“颂歌”1、5、6、22 和 25 的科普特语版本。这五篇作品取自一部希腊语集子，其中《所罗门颂歌》(Odes of Solomon) 位于《所罗门诗篇》(Psalms of Solomon) 之前，而非之后。1959 年，M. 泰斯图兹 (M. Testuz) 出版了第 11 首颂歌的希腊语文本（《波德默纸草》(Papyrus Bodmer)，XI [3–4 世纪]）。在这首颂歌的叙利亚语版本中，我们发现了唯一的一节（即 11.23a），它在叙利亚语文学中留下了清晰的痕迹（参 (cf.) 埃弗冷 (Ephrem)，《论乐园》(On Paradise)，7.21）。作者、日期和起源地点均未知。然而，这些后来被归于所罗门名下的匿名颂歌，很可能早在 2 世纪就由双语叙利亚地区的诺斯替倾向基督徒创作并使用了。在形式和内容上，它们似乎深受圣经语言的影响，并与昆兰 (Qumran) 文本显示出某种联系。救主 (Saviour) 也被称为主 (Lord)、子 (Son) 和弥赛亚 (Messiah)，但从未以耶稣 (Jesus) 之名出现。主要的神学术语是灵 (Spirit)、神 (God)、主 (Lord)、至高者 (Most High) 和父 (Father)。其中最重要的救赎论概念包括恩典、喜乐、知识、生命、光、爱、安息、真理和道。
References
J. H. Charlesworth, The Odes of Solomon (1973; 2nd ed. 1977).
, Papyri and leather manuscripts of the Odes of Solomon (1981). (includes photos)
, Critical reflections on the Odes of Solomon, vol. 1. Literary setting, textual studies, Gnosticism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Gospel of John (Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Suppl. Ser. 22; 1998).
, The earliest Christian hymnbook: The Odes of Solomon (2009). (ET)
C. Colpe, ‘Die Christologie der Oden Salomos im Zusammenhang von Gnosis und Synkretismus’, in Mein Haus wird ein Bethaus für alle Völker genannt werden (Jes 56,7). Judentum seit der Zeit des Zweiten Tempels in Geschichte, Literatur und Kult. Festschrift für Thomas Willi zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. J. Männchen (with T. Reiprich) (2007), 39–52.
H. J. W. Drijvers, ‘Die Oden Salomos und die Polemik mit den Markioniten im syrischen Christentum’, in SymSyr II, 39–55. (repr. in East of Antioch [1984], ch. VII)
, ‘The 19th Ode of Solomon: Its interpretation and place in Syrian Christianity’, JTS ns 31 (1980), 337–55. (repr. in East of Antioch [1984], ch. IX)
M. Franzmann, The Odes of Solomon (Novum Testamentum et orbis antiquus 20; 1991).
J. R. Harris and A. Mingana, The Odes and Psalms of Solomon (2 vols.; 1916, 1920).
H. Koester, History and literature of early Christianity (2nd ed. 2000), 222–4.
M. Lattke, Die Oden Salomos in ihrer Bedeutung für Neues Testament und Gnosis (Orbis biblicus et Orientalis 25.1, 1a, 2–4; 1979–1998).
, Oden Salomos (FC 19; 1995).
, Oden Salomos: Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar, 1–3 (Novum Testamentum et orbis antiquus 41.1–3; 1999–2005).
, ‘Titel, Überschriften und Unterschriften der sogenannten Oden und Psalmen Salomos’, in For the Children, Perfect Instruction: Studies in Honor of Hans-Martin Schenke, ed. H.-G. Bethge et al. (Nag Hammadi et Manichaean Studies 54; 2002), 439–47.
M. Lattke, ‘Die Oden Salomos: Einleitungsfragen und Forschungsgeschichte’, ZNW 98 (2007), 277–307.
, ‘Druckfehler, Ergänzungen und Verbesserungen im Kommentar zu den Oden Salomos’, online at http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:13861 .
, Odes of Solomon (Hermeneia. A critical and historical commentary on the Bible; 2009).
M.-J. Pierre, Les Odes de Salomon (1994).
Citation
Michael Lattke. 2011. “Solomon, Odes of.” In Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Beth Mardutho. https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Solomon-Odes-of.