Palimpsests
Palimpsests
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Palimpsests
重写本 (Palimpsests)
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Palimpsest is the term used for a parchment ms. that has been written on twice (or rarely, more times), where the original script has been erased.
重写本 (Palimpsest) 是用于指代羊皮纸抄本 (ms.) 的术语，该抄本被书写过两次（或罕见情况下多次），其原始文字已被擦除。
Palimpsest is the term used for a parchment ms. that has been written on twice (or rarely, more times), where the original script has been erased. A very high proportion of the older surviving texts in Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA) are under texts in palimpsests. Palimpsests where Syriac is the upper text mostly date between the 9th and 12th cent.; the under text may be in a variety of different languages, Greek, Latin, Armenian, Coptic, CPA, as well as an earlier Syriac text. Two particularly notable examples are ms. Sinai Syr. 30 (upper text, probably dated 779: Lives of holy women; lower: Old Syriac Gospels, Acts of Thomas, Ephrem Graecus); and ms. Vatican Syr. 623 (upper, 886: 40 Martyrs of Sinai, etc.; lower: Syriac translation of Galen and of Menander’s Dyskolos, as well as texts in Arabic, Armenian, CPA, and Greek). A number of Syriac mss. in the British Library have remarkable undertexts, e.g., Add. 14,512 (the oldest dated biblical ms. in any language; Isaiah, 459/60); Add. 14,574 and 14,623 (Ephrem, Prose Refutations); Add. 17,210–11, copied in the Monastery of Shemʿun, Qartmin ca. 800 (Homer, Euclid).
“重写本”(Palimpsest) 是指一种被书写过两次（或罕见地，更多次）的羊皮纸抄本 (parchment ms.)，其原始字迹已被擦除。现存基督教巴勒斯坦阿拉米语 (CPA) 的古老文本中，有非常高比例是重写本的下层文本。上层文本为叙利亚语 (Syriac) 的重写本大多断代为 9 至 12 世纪 (cent.)；下层文本可能是多种不同的语言，如希腊语 (Greek)、拉丁语 (Latin)、亚美尼亚语 (Armenian)、科普特语 (Coptic)、基督教巴勒斯坦阿拉米语 (CPA)，以及更早的叙利亚语 (Syriac) 文本。两个特别著名的例子是抄本 (ms.) 西奈 (Sinai) Syr. 30（上层文本，可能断代为 779 年：《圣女传》(Lives of holy women)；下层：《古叙利亚语福音书》(Old Syriac Gospels)、《多马 (Thomas) 行传》(Acts of Thomas)、《埃弗冷 (Ephrem) 希腊语译本》(Ephrem Graecus)）；以及抄本 (ms.) 梵蒂冈 (Vatican) Syr. 623（上层，886 年：《西奈 (Sinai) 四十殉道者》(40 Martyrs of Sinai) 等；下层：盖伦 (Galen) 著作的叙利亚语译本以及米南德 (Menander) 的《恨世者》(Dyskolos)，还有阿拉伯语 (Arabic)、亚美尼亚语 (Armenian)、基督教巴勒斯坦阿拉米语 (CPA) 和希腊语 (Greek) 文本）。大英图书馆 (British Library) 藏有许多叙利亚语 (Syriac) 抄本 (mss.) 拥有非凡的下层文本，例如：附加稿 (Add.) 14,512（任何语言中年代最悠久的有纪年圣经抄本；《以赛亚书》(Isaiah)，459/60 年）；附加稿 (Add.) 14,574 和 14,623（埃弗冷 (Ephrem)，《散文驳论》(Prose Refutations)）；附加稿 (Add.) 17,210–11，约 800 年抄写于卡尔廷 (Qartmin) 的舍姆恩 (Shemʿun) 修道院（荷马 (Homer)、欧几里得 (Euclid)）。
Syriac, and especially CPA, may also be the under text where the upper text is in other languages, Greek, Arabic, Georgian, or Hebrew. Very occasionally manuscripts are doubly palimpsest (e.g., ms. Sinai Arabic 514).
叙利亚语 (Syriac)，尤其是基督教巴勒斯坦阿拉米语 (CPA)，也可能作为下层文字，而上层文字则使用其他语言，如希腊语 (Greek)、阿拉伯语 (Arabic)、格鲁吉亚语 (Georgian) 或希伯来语 (Hebrew)。极少数情况下，手稿 (ms.) 会是双重重写本 (doubly palimpsest)（例如，西奈 (Sinai) 阿拉伯语 (Arabic) 514 号 (ms. Sinai Arabic 514)）。
See Fig. 95.
参见图 95。
References
F. d’Aiuto, ‘Graeca in codici orientali della Biblioteca Vaticana’, in Tra Oriente e Occidente: Scritture e libri greci fra le regioni orientali di Bisanzio e l’Italia, ed. L. Perria (2003), 227–96, esp. 266–78.
A. Desreumaux, Codex sinaiticus Zosimi rescriptus (1997). (Cyril of Jerusalem and biblical texts in CPA under Georgian).
A. Schmidt, ‘Syriac palimpsests in the British Library’, in Palimpsestes et éditions de textes: Les textes littéraires, ed. V. Somers (2009), 161–86.
M. Sokoloff and J. Yahalom, ‘Christian palimpsests from the Cairo Geniza’, Revue d’histoire des textes 8 (1978), 111–132.
Citation
Sebastian P. Brock. 2011. “Palimpsests.” In Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Beth Mardutho. https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Palimpsests.