Gewargis Warda
Gewargis Warda
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Gewargis Warda (13th cent.?) [Ch. of E.]
格沃尔吉斯·瓦尔达 (Gewargis Warda)（13 世纪？[东方教会 (Ch. of E.)]）
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Author to whom a collection of hymns titled Kthābhā d-wardā ‘Book of the Rose’ is attributed.
一部题为《玫瑰书》（Kthābhā d-wardā，‘Book of the Rose’）的赞美诗集被归于其名下的作者。
The Kthābhā d-wardā ‘Book of the Rose’ is a collection of hymns for the various festivals of the liturgical year, usually attributed in the mss. to a certain Gewargis, surnamed Warda. Most of the hymns belong to the ʿOnithā genre and parts or the whole of the corpus have been incorporated, especially in the 19th cent., in larger collections of ʿonyāthā by other hymnographers. So far, only 31 of the ca. 150 items have been published or translated. The ms. transmission presents a high degree of variation in the number and order of the texts. No systematic study of the text history of the Kthābhā d-wardā or of the hymns attributed to Gewargis is available, and it is therefore difficult to define criteria of authenticity. The two poems ‘On the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin’, preserved in only one ms., probably do not belong to the original nucleus.
《玫瑰书》(Kthābhā d-wardā)‘玫瑰之书’是礼仪年各个节日的赞美诗集，手稿 (mss.) 中通常归于某位姓瓦尔达 (Warda) 的盖尔吉斯 (Gewargis)。大多数赞美诗属于赞美诗 (ʿOnithā) 体裁，该作品集的部分或全部已被收录，尤其是在 19 世纪 (19th cent.)，被其他赞美诗作者编写的更大的赞美诗 (ʿonyāthā) 集所收录。到目前为止，约 (ca.) 150 首作品中只有 31 首已出版或翻译。手稿 (ms.) 传承在文本的数量和顺序上呈现出高度的变异。目前尚无关于《玫瑰书》(Kthābhā d-wardā) 文本历史或归于盖尔吉斯 (Gewargis) 的赞美诗的系统研究，因此很难界定真实性标准。两首诗《论萨拉丁 (Saladin) 攻占耶路撒冷 (Jerusalem)》(‘On the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin’) 仅保存于一份手稿 (ms.) 中，可能不属于原始核心。
There is no reliable information on the life or birthplace of the alleged author (and/or compiler?). One poem is an outcry against an infidel deacon of a village near Arbela , and in one ms. (Sachau 64) it is said that Gewargis was from Arbela, perhaps because he has been confused with the 10th-cent. E-Syr. author Gewargis of Arbela , or in order to distinguish him from a Gewargis of Mosul , mentioned in the same ms. Like Khamis bar Qardaḥe (also connected with Arbela), Gewargis is not included in the ‘Paradise of Eden’ by ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha . Attempts to place Gewargis in the first half of the 13th cent. at the time of the events described in poems of the Wardā collection (famines and the Mongol raids of 1223/4–1235/6) are in contradiction with, e.g., the mention of Timotheos II ( patr. from 1318 to 1332) in the ‘ʿOnithā on the Catholicoi of the East’.
关于这位所谓作者（和/或编纂者？）的生平或出生地，并无可靠信息。其中一首诗是对阿尔贝拉 (Arbela) 附近某村庄一位异教徒执事的抨击，而在一份手稿 (ms.)（Sachau 64）中称格瓦尔吉斯 (Gewargis) 来自阿尔贝拉 (Arbela)，这或许是因为他与 10 世纪 (10th-cent.) 的东方叙利亚 (E-Syr.) 作者阿尔贝拉的格瓦尔吉斯 (Gewargis of Arbela) 相混淆，或是为了将他与同一手稿 (ms.) 中提到的摩苏尔的格瓦尔吉斯 (Gewargis of Mosul) 区分开来。与哈米斯·巴尔·卡尔达赫 (Khamis bar Qardaḥe)（亦与阿尔贝拉 (Arbela) 有关）一样，格瓦尔吉斯 (Gewargis) 未被收录进阿卜迪舒·巴尔·布里哈 (ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha) 的《伊甸园乐园》(Paradise of Eden) 中。试图将格瓦尔吉斯 (Gewargis) 定位于 13 世纪 (13th cent.) 上半叶，即《花朵集》(Wardā) 诗集中所描述事件（饥荒及 1223/4–1235/6 年的蒙古袭击）发生的时期，这与例如《东方大公宗主颂歌》(ʿOnithā on the Catholicoi of the East) 中提及提摩太二世 (Timotheos II)（1318 至 1332 年任宗主教 (patr.)）的说法相矛盾。
The Wardā contains exhortations to repentance, hymns for the various feasts, commemorations of saints, martyrs, and calamitous historical events. The melody and the liturgical occasion for which the text is fitted are noted above each poem. The use of biblical texts and exempla is often rich and felicitous. Some texts elaborate on apocryphal material, e.g., ‘In praise of Mary’ lists the traditional names of the twelve kings (as in Shlemon of Baṣra ) and ‘On the Childhood of Christ’ possibly derives from a lost E.-Syr. source, parts of which are preserved in the ‘History of the Blessed Virgin Mary’ (ed. E. A. W. Budge, 1899). A ‘memrā on Man as Microcosm’ appears to derive from Greek medical and philosophical traditions via the Syr. Traité d’Ahoudemmeh sur l’homme (ed. F. Nau, PO 3.1, 1905). The hymns on historical events have recently been read as examples of theological reflection on history. More properly, they should be interpreted as liturgical texts, as their function was stated to be. Referring to specific historical events or, more in general, to disasters which were dramatically recurrent, they probably functioned as textual supports for public commemorations, as prayers of supplication, or to avert disaster.
《花环》(Wardā) 收录了悔改劝诫、各节期的赞美诗，以及对圣徒、殉道者及灾难性历史事件的纪念。每首诗上方均标注了其所配搭的旋律和礼仪场合。圣经文本与例证的使用通常丰富且恰当。有些文本阐述了伪经材料，例如，《赞美玛利亚》(In praise of Mary) 列出了十二王的传统名字（如同巴士拉的施莱蒙 (Shlemon of Baṣra) 所述），而《论基督的童年》(On the Childhood of Christ) 可能源自一部失传的东方叙利亚 (E.-Syr.) 文献，其中部分内容保存于《圣母玛利亚史》(History of the Blessed Virgin Mary) (ed. E. A. W. Budge, 1899) 中。一首《论人作为微观宇宙的讲道诗》(memrā on Man as Microcosm) 似乎源自希腊医学与哲学传统，经由叙利亚语 (Syr.) 《阿胡德梅赫论人书》(Traité d’Ahoudemmeh sur l’homme) (ed. F. Nau, PO 3.1, 1905) 传入。关于历史事件的赞美诗最近被解读为对历史进行神学反思的范例。更确切地说，它们应被解释为礼仪文本，正如其所陈述的功能那样。它们提及具体的历史事件，或更一般地提及频繁发生的灾难，可能作为公共纪念活动的文本支持、恳求祈祷，或为避免灾难而发挥作用。
References
G. P. Badger, The Nestorians and their rituals (1852), vol. 3, 51–7. (Mary; only ET)
G. Cardahi, Liber thesauri de arte poetica Syrorum (1875), 51–55. (Annunciation)
A. Deutsch, Edition dreier syrischer Lieder nach einer Handschrift der Berliner Königlichen Bibliothek (1895). (1. Attack by the Mongols at Karamlish in 1235/6; 2–3. Rogation of the Ninivites; Syr. with GT)
I. Folkmann, Ausgewählte nestorianische Gedichte von Giwargis Warda, mit Einleitung, Anmerkungen und deutscher Übersetzung (1896). (1. Penitence; 2–7. St. George)
Ph. Gignoux, ‘Un poème inédit sur l’homme-microcosme de Guiwarguis Wardā (13ème siècle)’, in Ressembler au monde (1999), 95–189. (Syr. with FT)
H. Hilgenfeld, Ausgewählte Gesänge des Giwargis Warda von Arbel (1904). (1–4. Famine and other calamities; 5. Attack by the Mongols at Karamlish in 1235/6 AD; 6. The deacon Abraham of Meshkaleg, an infidel; 7. John the Baptist; 8. Tahmazgerd and the martyrs of Karkha d-Beth Slokh; 9. Jacob of Beth Lapat)
Ktābonā d-partute (Urmia, 1898; repr. The Book of Crumbs, 2006), 266–74. (for the 3rd Sunday of Elijah; partial FT in H. Pognon, Une version syriaque des aphorismes d’Hippocrate [1903], vol. 2, v–x)
J. E. Manna, Morceaux choisis de litérature araméenne (1901), vol. 2, 295–322. (1. In praise of Mary; 2. Temporal Birth of God; 3. Man as Microcosm)
Th. Noeldeke, ‘Zwei syrische Lieder auf die Einnahme Jerusalems durch Saladin’, ZDMG 27 (1873), 489–510. (Syr. and GT)
A. Pritula, ‘An autobiographic hymn by Givargis Warda’, in Syriaca II, ed. M. Tamcke (2004), 229–41. (photo-reproduction of a ms., here and there illegible, and ET)
, ‘A Hymn by Givargis Warda on the Childhood of Christ’, in Die Suryoye und ihre Umwelt, ed. M. Tamcke and A. Heinz (2005), 423–51. (Syr. and ET)
, ‘Iz istorii vostochno-siriyskoy liturgicheskoy poezii: Zaklyuchitelnoe pesnopenie “Moleniya Ninevityan”’, Volshebnaya gora 12 (2006), 147–59. (Rogation of the Ninivites; Syr. with RT)
, ‘Pesnopenie Givargisa Vardy o grobe’, Volshebnaya gora 14 (2007), 92–103. (The soul and the body in the grave, Syr. with RT)
, ‘Gimn o neravenstve v chelovecheskom obshchestve iz vostochno-siriyskogo sbornika Varda’, Volshebnaya gora 15 (2008), 123–35. (Social inequality; Syr. with RT)
B. Vandenhoff, ‘Vier geistliche Gedichte in syrischer und neusyrischer Sprache’, OC 8 (1908), 389–452. (Childhood of Christ; GT of the Syr. text and of a Sureth poetic version attributed to Yawsep of Telkepe)
D. Bundy, ‘Georges Warda’, DHGE , vol.20 (1983), 668–9.
, ‘Interpreter of the acts of God and humans: George Warda, historian and theologian of the 13th century’, Harp 6.1 (1993), 7–20.
Ph. Gignoux, ‘Giorgio Warda’, Storia della scienza — Treccani, vol. 4, sez. 1. La scienza siriaca, ed. J. Teixidor and R. Contini (2001), 52–3.
M. Tamcke, ‘Bemerkungen zu Giwargis Wardas ʿOnita über die Katholikoi des Ostens’, in Syriaca II, ed. M. Tamcke (2004), 203–27.
‘Die islamische Zeit in Giwargis Wardas ʿOnita über die Katholikoi des Ostens’, in The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam, ed. E. Grypeou, M. Swanson, and D. Thomas (2006), 139–52.
M. Tamcke, ‘How Giwargis Warda retells biblical texts: Some remarks’, in Rewritten Bible Reconsidered, ed. A. Laato and J. van Ruiten (2008), 249–69.
, ‘Heuschrecken, Dürre und Mongolen. Gott und die Katastrophen in der syrischen Literatur’, in Vorsehung, Schicksal und göttliche Macht, ed. R. G. Kratz and H. Spieckermann (2008), 241–63.
Citation
Alessandro Mengozzi. 2011. “Gewargis Warda.” In Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Beth Mardutho. https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Gewargis-Warda.